Practical Control Methods and New Techniques for Mosquito Control

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other pyrethroid insecticides showed different effective functions against adult mosquitos

by killing and repelling (Bibbs & Kaufman 2017). Also, several products with active in-

gredients from botanical resources provide a short protection time.

1.2.2

Community Protection and Participate

Community and family protection is most effective as all community members par-

ticipate in the education and community prevention program. Community members can

participate in such programs by emptying containers and eliminating standing water for

source reduction, fixing screen doors and windows for family protection, wearing long

sleeve shirts and long pants, avoiding outdoor activity during dawn and dusk, and using

effective repellents for personal protection. When available, all residents should partici-

pate in the mass drug administration (MDA) and vaccination for prevention and control of

mosquito-borne diseases in epidemic or hot spot areas. Although there are not many vac-

cine products currently available for preventing mosquito-borne diseases, the mass vacci-

nation against yellow fever and Japanese type B encephalitis in several countries showed

the successful control against the outbreak of these diseases.

1.3

SPACE SPRAYING

Space spraying is one of the delivery methods of insecticides for control of adult and

larval mosquitos. The traditional application methods are applied by hand and backpack

sprayers, aerosol spraying, and ultra-low-volume (ULV) spraying by ground and aerial

application (Bonds 2012). By law, the application of any kind of insecticides requires fol-

lowing the labels of the insecticide and operation instruction. The equipment, especially

the nozzles, should be matched with the requirement of insecticide formulations and the

droplet of insecticides needs to be calibrated before use.

1.3.1

ULV

The ULV is an ultra-low-volume of insecticide formulation and sprayed out by a high-

pressure machine or equipment and provides effective and quick control of mosquitos

(Bonds 2012). The ULV application is usually conducted by a truck-mounted ULV ma-

chine (Mount 1998) or an aircraft equipped with the ULV spraying system (Mount et

al. 1996). Also, there are small hand-held and backpack ULV machines available on

the market. The ULV method is more effectively used for the treatment of larger areas,

and the insecticides with small droplet size result in a quicker knockdown and effective

killing of adult mosquitos. Several pyrethroid insecticides, permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-

cypermethrin, bifenthrin, sumithrin, and pyrethethin, and organophosphates insecticides,

malathrin, and naled (for aerial application only in the USA) are available on the market

for mosquito control.

1.3.2

Thermal Fogging

Thermal fogging is a very old spraying method performed by heating insecticide solu-

tion or oil, which becomes a fog and is used to kill adult mosquitos. Thermal fogging needs